Thursday, January 30, 2020
Type of play Essay Example for Free
Type of play Essay The importance of play is reflected by the role it plays in development. Children are encouraged to play with gender appropriate toys but I have to ask myself why parents would rather have their son play with a gun rather than a doll. Some studies have linked gunplay with aggressive behaviour and it is interesting to see (the table below) that boys are more aggressive than girls at a young age Some child health professionals encourage parents to limit this type of play. Concern about guns also include potential confusion with real ones, which could lead to someone getting seriously injured. The media is also seen to be a major influence on behaviour. The way television affects a child depends on the childs age and what stage of cognitive development they are at. As a child watches television they absorb the program and then they interpret it to how they saw it. Some cartoons that are violent such as itchy scratchy, which is shown on The Simpsons shows a cat and mouse attack each other and put each others body parts in food blenders etc. Its a bit disturbing to some people but children find it hilarious. I think this is because it is unlikely in real life and depending on the age of the child, they will know that this sort of behaviour is not rewarded. Boys need to be parented in a different way from girls. Home, society and education have failed boys badly- these failures lead to unhappy men who cannot fully become happy, responsible emotionally confident adults. There is a lot of research comparing the abilities and behaviours of males and females. As we consider the behaviour of boys and girls we have to consider how they differ in their behaviour. Albert Bandura believed aggression reinforced by family members was the most prominent source of behaviour modelling. He reports that children use the same aggressive tactics that their parents illustrate when dealing with others. Children learn to act aggressive when they model their behaviour after witnessing violent acts of adults, especially family members. Bandura is most famous for his Bobo doll experiment, in this experiment; he had children witness a model aggressively attacking a plastic clown called the Bobo doll. Bandura found that the children imitated the aggressive behaviour. There are many sex differences between boys and girls and one of the most comprehensive studies was conducted by, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974). They discover there were only four significant differences between the sexes. Although the differences were small they showed there is an overlap in the behaviour of boys and girls. Although the study by Maccoby and Jacklin was in depth Shaffer (1993) pointed out, First, girls show more emotional sensitivity. Second, girls are less venerable developmentally than boys, and are less likely to suffer from learning disabilities, various language disorder, or hyperactivity. Third, boys tend to be more physically active than girls. Fourth, girls tend to be more timid than boys (PSYCHOLOGY FOR A2 LEVEL, M.W. ESYWICK, page 698) In conclusion I would like to say, that I believe that behaviour is learned from society through the process of reinforcement and modelling. Behaviours such as, Sex-role behaviour can be learned by vicarious reinforcement. When you think about it makes sense for a person to keep doing things they are rewarded for and to stop doing things we are not. I found these quotes below and I agree with both of them on this subject. In the theory of gender I began from zero. There is no masculine power or privilege I did not covet. But slowly, step-by-step, decade-by-decade, I was forced to acknowledge that even a woman of abnormal would cannot escape her hormonal identity. (Paglia, Camille, 1947 American Author Critic Educator) (Taken from: www.borntomotivate.com) Except for their genitals, I dont know what immutable differences exist between men and women. Perhaps there are some other unchangeable differences; probably there are a number of irrelevant differences. But it is clear that until social expectations for men and women are equal, until we provide equal respect for both sexes, answers to this question will simply reflect our prejudices.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
General Electric (GE) Appliances Case Study :: Business Management Analysis
Abstract The newly appointed district sales manager, Larry Barr, faces the problem of allocating sales quotas among his various sales representatives. This decision will affect everyone's earnings including his own. This problem is compounded by the fact that different territories have, for a variety of reasons, different potentials. In addition, the territory that is known to be the toughest will soon require a new sales rep. Company History/Background Canadian Appliance Manufacturing Co. Ltd (CAMCO) was created in 1998 under the joint ownership of Canadian General Electric Ltd. and General Steel Wares Ltd. (G.S.W.). CAMCO purchased the production facilities of Westinghouse Canada Ltd. under which the brand name White-Westinghouse was created. Appliances manufactured by CAMCO in the former Westinghouse plant were branded Hotpoint. G.E., G.S.W., and Hotpoint major appliance plants became divisions of CAMCO. These divisions were operated independently, had their own separate management staff and competed for sales although they were all ultimately accountable to CAMCO. Larry Barr has recently been promoted to the district sales manager position for G.E. Appliances. One of his more important duties was the allocation of his district sales quota among his five salesmen. He received his 2002 quota in October 2001 at which time his immediate task was to determine an equitable allocation of that quota. This was important because the company’s incentive pay plan was based on the salesmen’s attainment of quota and a portion of his remuneration was based on the degree to which his sales force met their quotas. The five territories were: Territory Destination/Sales Person Description 9961 Greater Vancouver Hudson's Bay, Firestone, Kmart, McDonald Garth Rizzuto Supply, plus seven independent dealers 9962 Interior All customers from Quesnel to Nelson, Dan Seguin including contract sales (50 Customers) 9963 Coastal Eatons, Woodwards, plus Vancouver Island Ken Block north of Duncan and upper Fraser Valley (east of Clearbrook) (20 customers) 9964 Independent and Northern All independents in lower mainland and Fred Speck South Vancouver Island, plus northern B.C. and Yujon (30 customers) 9967 Contract Contract sales Vancouver, Victoria All contract Jim Wiste sales outside 9962 (50-60 customers) The sales incentive plan was a critical part of G.E.’s sales force plan. Each salesman had a portion of his earnings dependent on his performance with respect to quota as well as Barr being awarded a bonus based on the sales performance of his district.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Use of drugs among teenagers in the United States
Interesting trends regarding the use of drugs among teenagers in the United States have begun to be revealed through the work of various researchers. While in some key areas, the use of drugs has declined, in other areas increases have been found to exist in teenagers’ use of drugs. Such areas in which such trends have been detected include use of particular types of drugs, the availability of these to the students, and the demographic that is exposed to the drugs. Such substances as methamphetamine, marijuana, and prescription medication are drugs that have seen either increases or decreases in their general trends, and differences are being studied and detected in the genders’ response to these substances. This essay will define such trends and attempt to give gender-based reasons why these have occurred.The use of methamphetamine among students has demonstrated a decrease between 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females has been from 3 to 2 percentII. The decline rate among males has been from 2.6 percent to 1.7 percentUsage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate among females is unsure but is suspected to be roughly the same as for malesII.     The decline rate among males has been from 9 percent to 7.4 percentThe use of marijuana among students has demonstrated a decrease between the years 2005 and 2006. Usage by tenth grade students has decreased over the year I. The decline rate for lifetime users was 2.3%II. The decline rate in the availability of the drug is 1.9%Usage by twelfth grade students has decreased over the year I. It has been the trend for females to use less marijuana than malesII.The decline rate among females is unsure, but is suspected to be greater than that of malesIII.The decline rate among males has been from 9% to 7.4%The use of other drugs among students has demonstrated an increase between 2002 and 2006 . Usage of MDMA (ecstasy) by females students has increased over the year I.    Use has gone up from 2.7 percent to 4.0 percent.II.     This represents an increase of 1.3 percentUsage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be above that of females Usage of all illicit drugs (apart from marijuana) by males is shown to be on the decline. The use of drugs among males and females is influenced by different gender-based situations. Men are more likely to have opportunities to use drugs than women Men are more likely than women to abuse drugs such as marijuana and alcohol Women are more likely to become addicted to sedatives I. Women take more time to report drug dependenceII. Women often use drugs in response to depression or eating disorders.Men and women differ in the effect that drug use has on their life choices I. Men are less likely to be drop out of high school as a result of drug use.II.     Women are more li kely to drop out of high school as a result of drug use.III.     Drug use in both sexes affects future regarding job qualifications and outcomes.Works CitedBustos, Jennifer. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Use.†St. Martin’s University. Lacey, WA.            http://homepages.stmartin.edu/students/jennifer.bustos/256,1,Gender Differences in Drug       UseLattimer, W. W., L. J. Floyd, M. Vasquez, M. O’Brien, A, Arzola and N. Rivera. â€Å"Substance Use   Among School-based Youths in Puerto Rico: Difference between Gender and Grade           Levels.†Addictive Behavior. Vol. 29. No. 8. 2004. pp.1689-64.Lynch, Wendy J., Megan E. Roth and Marilyn E. Carroll. â€Å"Biological Basis of Sex Difference in        Drug Abuse: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies.†Psychopharmacology. Vol. 164: 121- 137, 2002.Naylor, Adam., Doug Ga rdner and Len Zaichowsky. â€Å"Drug Use Patterns Among High School          Athletes and Nonathletes – Statistical Data Included.†Adolescence. Winter, 2001.NIDA. â€Å"Gender Differences in Drug Abuse Risks and Treatments.†The National Institute on         Drug Abuse. Vol. 15. 4, 2000.          http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol15N4/tearoff.htmlNIDA. â€Å"High School and Youth Trends: NIDA Infofacts.†The National Institute on Drug  Abuse.            U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2006.      http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/HSYouthTrends07.pdfRassino, Brian E., Sheila C. Ribordy, Kathryn Grant, Joseph R. Ferrari, Blake S. Bowden, and         Jennifer Zeisz. â€Å"Gender-Related Processes and Drug Use: Self-Expression with Parents,       Peer Group S election, and Achievement Motivation.†Adolescence. Spring, 2004.Ringel, J., R. L. Collins and P. L. Ellickson. â€Å"High School Drug Use Predicts Job-Related      Outcomes at Age 29.†Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 32. No. 3, 2006. pp. 576-589.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Economic Strength Is Effective More than Guns - 553 Words
Economic Strength is Effective More Than Guns (FOR) â€Å"We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare, happiness and prosperity of mankind.†These are the words of our beloved leader, the founder of Pakistan, the Quaid-i-Azam M. Ali Jinnah on the occasion of inauguration of the state bank of Pakistan, giving the message of peace and welfare. My arguments are in favor of economic strength. The first question that would strike people’s minds is why economic strength or why guns. Let’s go back and ponder on the beginning. Since the inception of mankind, man has been striving hard for his survival. Life gives challenges and the supreme creature of God counters them. The journey from living in caves to residing in sky-high buildings has been a journey of gaining strength. This strength has always been gained in two dimensions, the wealth and the might. Some people and nations went to strengthen their military might and ruled the world, others focused on economy to keep their flag high. Time does not remain the same. In past when world was not so advanced, use of force or the use of guns was the way forward. Brutality and bloodshed earned the strength. Without military might, nations collapsed. But now the dawn of twenty firstShow MoreRelatedEssay about Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places880 Words  | 4 Pagesstates have been largely unsuccessful. In the book Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places, economist Paul Collier examines how the international community’s obsession with democracy and elections has hindered the developmental process in what he has termed as the bottom billion countries. 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