The Weighted Average Cost Of Capital Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2777 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of a firm simply refers to how much, on average, it costs the firm to raise money. That is, it is the average rate that the firm must pay on any new capital that it raises. The importance of the WACC is in its relation to the evaluation of projects. For a scale-enhancing project (see definition below), the WACC is the appropriate discount rate at which to evaluate the project. Definition: A scale-enhancing project is a project that is similar to the firm as a whole. It has a similar level of risk to the existing assets of the firm. The use of the WACC as the discount rate should make intuitive sense. If, for example, the firm must pay an average of 8% on capital that it raises then projects that return less than 8% should be rejected. Projects returning less than the cost of capital will certainly lose money as they will not even cover the payments required to finance the project. This will be reflected in those pr ojects having NPV0 when 8% is used as a discount rate. The use of the cost of capital as a discount rate is the reason that the costs of financing are never included as cashflows when evaluating a project. For instance, if the firm will have to borrow money in order to finance the project, the cashflows of the loan (receiving the loan, making interest payments and repaying principal) are never considered when estimating the cashflows to an investment. This is because the costs of financing are taken account of in the discount rate, and putting them in as cashflows would mean double-counting them. When a project is not scale-enhancing, practitioners tend to use ad hoc adjustments to the WACC in order to determine the appropriate discount rate. For instance, one would use a slightly higher discount rate if the project is slightly riskier than the current assets of the firm. These adjustments are based upon best guesses, but these guesses are based upon analysis of the risk of th e project through things such as sensitivity analysis. The basis of determining WACC is to determine the costs of each of the individual sources of long term financing for the firm, weight those costs by the degree to which the firm uses the different sources, and simply add up the weighted costs. Example: Assume that the firm makes use of only two sources of financing, debt and equity. Let S be the market value of all of the common stock of the firm and D be the market value of all of the debt of the firm. Thus S+D must be the total value of the firm. Let rd be the cost of debt financing for the firm and let rs be the costs for equity financing for the firm (these will be defined later). The WACC for this firm will be: This equation is the same as saying: WACC = (percent of the firm that is equity) times (cost of equity) plus (percent of the firm that is debt) times (cost of debt) (Note that this example ignored the tax effect of debt.) Conceptually, it is easy to think of the cost of debt. The return to the holder of the debt is the same as the cost to the firm. If the holders of the firms debt are earning 5% on their investment, then the debt must be costing the firm 5%. The cost of equity is a little more difficult concept, although the effect is the same as that of debt. It turns out that the cost of equity financing is simply equal to the expected return of the firms stock. An expected return of rs is required in order to induce new investors to buy the stock of the firm. From the opposite viewpoint, rs is the return that the current shareholders (who own the firm) must give in order to attract new equity capital. Issuing new equity entails a cost to the current shareholders as they give up a portion of the firm and the right to a portion of the future dividends. This cost is measured by the expected return on the stock, which is also the cost of equity capital. The weights used in the WACC for the various sources of capital are b ased on their market values (although book values are sometimes used because they are easier to obtain). The weights are based upon the capital structure of the firm as a whole, not on the financing used for any particular project. The general view here is that the financing mix used for a particular project is coincidental. Consider two projects that are identical except that one will be financed through debt and the other through equity. It does not make sense to apply different discount rates to identical projects simply because of the choice of financing. Generally, if the firm has set goals for their capital structure (e.g. a target debt/equity ratio), then these goals are used to determine the weights. The view on this is that the firm will reach these goals eventually and therefore they are the appropriate weights to use for determining the cost of long term financing. Up to now, we have viewed the appropriate discount rate for a project as the opportunity cost of capital, the expected rate of return on an investment of equal risk. How can this be reconciled with the use of the WACC as a discount rate? It turns out that the two things are exactly the same. Proof that WACC and Opportunity Cost of Capital are the Same Assume that the CAPM holds (this is not necessary to prove that the two things are the same, but it means the proof is relatively straight forward). We want to use the expected return an asset of equal risk (the opportunity cost of capital) as the discount rate. The risk of the project is the same as the risk of the rest of the assets of the firm (because it is scale-enhancing). Thus, the risk of the project is measured by  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢asset. Because the bonds and the equity if the firm are both securities, each will have a beta associated with it,  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢debt and  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢equity. There are two ways to purchase the firm: 1) purchase all of the assets of the firm (create an identical firm) The ris k of this investment would be represented by  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢asset. 2) purchase all of the equity and all of the debt of the firm (so that you own the firm free and clear of debt) The risk of the investment would be represented by the weighted average: Both methods would give the same result, therefore the two measures of risk must be the equal: Now, the opportunity cost of capital will be found from: expected cost of equity = rs expected cost of debt=rd Thus, the opportunity cost of capital is simply a weighted average of the costs of debt and equity and is equivalent to the WACC. Hence, WACC is the appropriate discount rate. The reason that the WACC is used instead of directly applying the CAPM with the asset beta is that  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢asset is unobservable, but the costs of financing are observable. Determining the Costs of Financing In order to determine the WACC, the costs of the individual sources of long term financing must be determined. In reality, there are four sources of capital: 1) Debt 2) Preferred Stock 3) Common Stock 4) Internally generated funds (retained earnings) 1) Debt: Generally, the cost of debt is the yield to maturity on the bonds of the firm. It is not the coupon rate, but the yield that is important. This is because the yield is the rate the firm would have to pay if it issued new debt now. That is, it is not the rate that the firm had to pay on old debt that matters but the rate that is prevailing in the market today. This current market rate is measured by the current yield on the bonds of the firm. Note that flotation costs will often affect the cost of debt. This might include things such as the legal fees, administrative fees et cetera of floating a new issue. These reduce the proceeds realized by the firm on a bond issue. (They get less money, but make the same interest payments). Example: A firm issues one million in face value of new bonds with a coupon rate of 6%. These bonds have ten years to maturity and coupon payments are made annually. In order to sell all of the bonds, the firm prices them at $950,000. It pays $40,000 on flotation costs. In this case, the yield of the bonds is: But, the actual debt to the firm is y*: Note that interest payments on debt are tax deductible for corporations. Thus, it is really only the after -tax cost of debt that is of concern. In this case, if the effective corporate tax rate on the firm is 34%, then the after tax cost of debt is: 7.3%(1-0.34) = 4.818% Note: The greater the number of years to maturity of the bonds in question, the less the effect of flotation costs. The intuitive reason for this is that with longer lived debt, the effect of the flotation costs are spread out over a longer period (even though they are, of course, actually paid up front). 2) Preferred Stock: Preferred stock is like a cross between debt and equity as it is equity that requires a fixed dividend payment. The cost of preferred equity is simply defined as the dividend yield on the stock. Let: dp= fixed annual preferred dividend. Pp=price of preferred rp=cost of preferred equity Note that it is actually the net issuing price that should be used in this equation. That is, the price of the preferred stock net of any flotation costs that would have to be incurred in order to issue new shares. 3) Common Stock: There are two main methods used to calculate a cost of equity capital for common stock: a) Capital Asset Pricing Model b) Gordon Dividend Growth Model a) The use of the CAPM simply involves estimating the expected return on the firms common stock through CAPM and using that estimate as the cost of common equity capital. b) Gordon Dividend Growth Model: The Gordon Dividend Growth Model is based upon the price of a stock being the discounted value of all the future dividends: If we know all of the future dividends then we can solve for the discount rate in the above equation. This rate (the IRR of the stock) would be analogous to the yield on a bond. This rate would be the yield of the stock. In other words, it the expected return that is required in order to make the present value of the future dividends equal to the current price. Another way of saying the same thing is that new investors require this return to induce them to invest in the firms shares. The rate that one solves for in the above equation is the cost of equity (rs) in the Gordon Model. The question is, how does one estimate this rate given that one cannot know all future dividends? Consider the case where dividends are constant forever: Thus, given constant dividends, the cost of equity is simply the current dividend yield on the stock (the cost of preferred equity can thus be seen as an application of this approach). However, the following should make clear that perpetually constant dividends implies that all profits of the firm are paid out as divide nds (which is not a very common real world phenomenon). Let Et be the earnings per share in year t (total firm profit divided by the number of shares). Most firms will pay some of Et out as dividends, but will retain some for re-investment in the firm. Assume that the firm retains a constant percentage of Et each period, b. This number, b, is the retention ratio. The idea is that the firm retains some earnings and re-invests them in the company so that future earnings are higher. Let R be the return generated on the re-invested earnings. Thus, earnings per share is a perpetually increasing series that is growing at the rate bR each period. Let g=bR be the growth rate. Since the fraction b of earnings per share is retained each period, (1-b) of earnings must be paid out as dividends. Thus: Therefore, it can be seen that g represents the growth rate in earnings per share and in dividends. G is determined by how much the firm re-invests in itself and the rate of retur n on those investments. Now, set the present value of future dividends equal to the current stock price and solve for rs: This is the cost of equity capital by the Gordon Dividend Growth Model. The first term in the equation is the current dividend yield on the stock. This can easily be calculated. However, the growth rate, g, must be estimated. There are two usual methods for this: i) If the firm has a policy regarding the retention rate of earnings then this rate can be used to estimate b. R can be estimated by last periods Return on Equity figure, or an average of the last few years. Since g=bR, you now have an estimate of g. ii) Remember that g is also the growth rate of EPS, for which figures are available. Simply take the percentage increase in EPS over a number of years, convert this into a yearly rate and use this as an estimate of the growth rate. Warning: Basing estimated growth rates on historical data can sometimes lead to conclusions that do not make s ense. This will tend to happen of the firm has recently gone through a period of very high growth (that cannot be expected to last forever) or if the firm has had decreasing EPS (which cannot be expected to last forever). 4) Internally generated funds: In most ways, internally generated funds are the same as equity. Using internal funds to finance and issuing new stock to finance have (almost) the same cost to current shareholders. Internal funds are simply cashflows generated by the firms operations that have not been paid out as dividends. Management is faced with a choice: should they retain these funds and invest them inside the firm, or pay the funds out to shareholders as dividends and let shareholders invest the funds themselves outside of the firm? In order for it to be optimal to retain the funds, the firm must expect to earn more than shareholders could earn investing the money on their own (given the same level of risk). Thus, there is a cost to using internally gen erated funds, equal to the expected return on the outside investment opportunities not taken by shareholders. The return expected by shareholders on an investment of equal risk to their investment in the firm is the expected return on the stock itself. In other words, the cost of internal funds is equal to the cost of common equity (and can be calculated as in (3) above). Internal cash on hand is (as you know from accounting) part of the equity of the firm. Thus, there is no separate term within the WACC calculation that represents internal funds. It would seem that internal funds, although an important source of funding for firms, have no effect on the cost of capital. This would be true except for one thing. The cost of internal funds is the same as the cost of new equity capital except for flotation costs. There are no flotation costs for the use of retained cashflow, while there are for new issues of stock. Thus, the cost of using retained cashflows is actually slightly lo wer. Since internally generated funds and issues of stock are basically the same, the cost of equity capital without flotation costs is put into the WACC formula if all of the projects that the firm is considering can have their equity portion financed through retained earnings. If retained earnings would not be enough to cover the required equity financing, then the WACC will increase because a new stock issue will be needed and this involves flotation costs which are now included in the cost of equity. Therefore, there is a discontinuity in the WACC. Considering one additional project may raise the discount rate for all projects because the additional project may require a new issue of stock. The discount rate for all projects is affected because, in reality, all projects should be evaluated using the marginal cost of capital. Don’t waste time! 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A Deadly And Morose Short Story By Edgar Allen Poe

In a deadly and morose short story by Edgar Allen Poe, â€Å"Cask of Amontillado†, Montresor leads Fortunato to his death through the bribe of a pipe of amontillado, a rare find during the height of carnival. Wine is very important to many traditions and cultures still today, and the winemaking process is considered by many to be a form of art (Stein 149-163). This beverage is produced through a complex, but structured, process broken down into several distinct steps that are affected by many variables, such as climate and location, tradition, and techniques evolved throughout human history. Most important to the process is the vine and the grape themselves. Without quality vines or grapes, the wine will suffer. The vineyard the wine is grown in and the environment it is immersed in is also extremely important to the grapes and vines, affecting many aspects of the wine. The grapes also contain tannins, a compound that contributes to the wine’s mouthfeel and flavor. The process by which the wine is produced is the final factor that decides whether a wine will be sought after or not. Tied in with this is the history, culture, world market, and traditions, which usually decides what wine will be produced in a location. The whole world of winemaking, and the first step to determine the taste and quality of a wine, stems from the grape and vine. With a deep root system and gnarled trunk, grape vines are a standout feature of any winery. These vines have three main categories ofShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Mask of the Red Death†, Edgar Allan Poe uses setting and symbolism to deliver the theme that no one escapes death. The story follows the naà ¯ve and pompous Prince Prospero, and his feeble attempt to escape dying from the Black Plague. As the plague spread through his kingdom, the prince called one thousand of his closest friends to reside within the safety of the castle in order to seclude themselves from the horror and death going on outside. During the last months of their seclusion, the prince

History Royal Pavilion Essay Example For Students

History Royal Pavilion Essay One change to the internal arrangements of the house was created by the Princes increasing bulk. His bedroom was moved down stairs. Summary Did the pavilion reflect fashionable tastes in: Architecture and design? Fashionable no. The external design does not follow a trend or create one. It was radical for England. It was appropriate to the needs of a dissolute prince. George was very involved in all aspects of design and construction and this design must have reflected his personal taste and self confidence. Internal Design. Chinoiserie was no longer a fashionable item. When installed it would appear the fashion was waning but seen in the Pavilion it was apparently copied. From the stately houses of 19th century we have visited it was not common or a sustained fashion. Again it reflects the Princes preference and the resources of his two decorators Other design features. The French furniture and European plate was certainly a common fashion for the era and class. In some respects the house was innovative. In plumbing and kitchen features. A plumbed bath, Yellow paint, water closet and hot plates are now common for all classes of society but they were innovative then and subsequently copied and thus fashionable. Attitudes and way of life? The Prince was above all lazy and pleasure seeking. It is a feature of many societies and ranks. His father when mentally stable did not approve but could not affectively constrain his son or indeed his brothers. His fathers values were of service to the people, upholding royal protocol and a high standard of morality. The prince adopted the behaviour of the more libertine set and did it to extremes when his money allowed. Something common to most eras. There are, however Princes of Wales that have more balance in their lives and many of the aristocracy new and old put much more effort into good works through religious or humane motives. . His brother when taking over the pavilion made a reaction against Georges excesses by cutting costs and dismissing French staff. George pretended to dabble in politics but the time of regal power had gone and George lacked the goodwill and experience of his successors and even his father is better regarded by history George followed the fashion in terms of social order. His servants had their place. Like the Queen of France he followed the fashion for pretending to live as a common man when he first moved down. He had his romantic idly of a country cottage. Initially cost constraints may also have influenced his choice of a farm house. Like the romantic poets he developed a habit for laudanum a drug related to opium. There was little or no understanding of addiction or distinction or disapproval between that drug, which was regarded as medicinal, and say alcohol. Georges interest in food, drink, music, cards and dancing are universal but pursued with vigour at the time by some one with the time money and absence of TV. Having French chefs and his own band he entertained his friends and high society royally. Getting drunk was certainly popular and could thus be described as fashionable and the Prince certainly indulged. It would be later in the century that fashions for abstinence would develop in certain sectors of society as the consequence of the drinking culture were appreciated. When he first came to Brighton he located himself in the fashionable centre. He was attracted by the society of attractive women and the many pleasures of Brighton including racing, music and taking the waters. He chose a location away from the court of his father who visited sedate Weymouth. Nothing I have read deals with the attitudes to religion. Does that mean the Prince was an atheist and society did not require him to observe the protestant religion given how important religion had been previously? Attitudes to race are apparently non issues in the era; there are very few people of obvious racial minorities although one with a muslim name is in the service of the prince. .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .postImageUrl , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:hover , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:visited , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:active { border:0!important; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:active , .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u351ed4986a836e02ce994585c23ffc8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Plant, any member of the plant kingdom, comprising EssayAttitudes to the French. We know that George loved the French, was very friendly with many people from the French court. Loved French cuisine in the period of the pavilions however the French aristocracy was deposed and there were many years of war with France. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Architecture section.

Analysis Of The Corporate Social Responsibility Of Microsoft

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of The Corporate Social Responsibility Of Microsoft. Answer: Introduction This paper will carry out an in-depth analysis of the corporate social responsibility of Microsoft. A brief history of the development of the company along with the goals and missions are also discussed in the paper. The CSR standards have also helped the company in maintaining the safety and environment in technology and innovation. The integrity and honesty of the employees, challenges faced by the company and the struggle for excellences are the main values of the company. Microsoft is also diversified and is working on its various objectives so that it can achieve its goal within the stipulated time frame (Chan 2014). Executive Summary The Corporate Social Responsibility act has helped Microsoft in development of the organization with the help of social means. Microsoft has invested in various campaigns and it encouraged the support of the people for developing a healthy working environment. The company is also engaged in educating the underprivileged children and the youth so that they can become a successful citizen and contribute for the de elopement of the country. Moreover, the company also spends a huge amount in maintaining the natural resources of the country such as the flora and the fauna. Moreover, the company has also to keep in mind that they are spending for a legal cause. The philanthropic responsibilities require donation for the valuable products and the funding program for the safety and protection of the environment. Microsoft also has to keep record of all the programs that are organized by the employees and accordingly submit the report to the CSR committee. Thus, it can be said that the CSR re port of the company gives a detailed idea of the practices, policies and the business perceptions. Microsoft is continuously making new commitment for sustainability in the future through further innovation (Alves 2015). References Alves, S., 2015. Ethical, Social and Environmental Standards and Practices of Microsoft. Chan, L.Y., 2014. Corporate social responsibility of multinational corporations.

The crucible free essay sample

â€Å"One man with courage makes a majority. †- Andrew Jackson Meaning: If one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. We will write a custom essay sample on The crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Jackson’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Jackson’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that if one brave man stands up for what he believes in, he can make a change. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s â€Å"It is extraordinary how extraordinary the ordinary person is. † George F. Will Meaning: It is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Will’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that It is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials -makes a huge impact in the trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death â€Å"more weight† -makes a statement BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Will’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that it is remarkable how exceptional the average person is and how much potential each person has. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s â€Å"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear-not absence of fear. †- Mark Twain Meaning: To be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. Introduction: -hook -meaning -background information -thesis: Twain’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. BP1: John Proctor *transition -topic sentence: John Proctor proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -tells the court that the girls are lying -refuses to confess to witchcraft -ends up showing courage and helping to put an end to Salem Witch Trials BP2: Giles Corey *transition -topic sentence: Giles corey proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -protests one-sided courts when he refuses to enter a plea -sacrificed himself and was crushed to death BP3: Reverend Hale *transition -topic sentence: Reverend Hale proves the quote’s relevance by showing that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -Quits the court and shows other people how unfair Danforth and his trials were -Later comes back to try to save people from being hanged by talking to Danforth -Tries to convince people to confess in order to not be hanged and to at least save themselves Conclusion: -thesis: Twain’s quote is relevant to Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and the actions of John Proctor, Giles Corey and Reverend Hale of Beverly, thus proving that to be courageous is to overcome your fears, not to be fearless. -Relative to the Red Scare in America during the 1950’s The Crucible free essay sample Arthur Miller in the novel, â€Å"The crucible†, analyze obliquely the relation between The Salem witch hunt with The McCarthyism. Miller supports his analogy by emphasizing the characteristics that relate the witch hunt with the McCarthyism. The author’s purpose is to express his philosophical assumptions about the misjudgment, chaos and hysteria, that is reappearing throw the history in different faces and political assumptions of the McCarthyism in order to arouse people from their blind obstinacy for what was really happening. The author writes in a formal tone to of course all socialists, historians, and people with vulnerability to suffer this kind of event. In Arthur Millers â€Å"The Crucible†, the events of the Salem witch trials stem from the communitys bitterness over political, financial, and personal issues, causing hysteria upon the Salem citizens. This scandal is seized by Abigail Williams as an opportunity to seek power and revenge, similarity with Joseph McCarthy in the Red Scare, when he used it as a tool to raise his power, until president Eisenhower instructed his vice president, Richard Nixon to stop him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both of them recognized, a little late, all the chaos that McCarthyism was causing rather than fixing, as mentioned in The Red Scare and McCarthyism, in a nutshell’, â€Å"Men who have in the past done effective work exposing communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply† (Nixon, p. 3). The philosophical assumptions were that the crucial event was the blacklist of oneself’s name, even if one was innocent the fact of being spotted as a witch or communist was the end of one social reputation such as Miller mentioned in â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ â€Å"the crucial damning event was signing of one’s name in â€Å"The devil’s book†, In time of hysteria and delusion drowning suspicion on oneself was as easy as pie, for instance the authority was never questioned, they would say -are you with us, or against us? , even talk to blacklisted people wasnt the smart thing to do, it would been seen as â€Å"fraternizing with the enemy†, â€Å"the old friend of a blacklisted person crossing the street to avoid being seen talking to him† (Miller,,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ , because do such things would mean the risk of being blacklisted, this was the psychological element of fear applied in both the citizens of Salem 1691, and Americans 1950. Miller political assumptions were that Joseph McCarthy’s role was to pretend been helping the society but actually was doing the contrary by increasing chaos, and misjudgment, â€Å"sneering like a villain, he comes across now as nearly comical, a self-aware performer keeping a straight face as he does his juicy threat-shtick† (Miller,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’ †( ¶3), his power stirred fear of creeping communism, at the peak of McCarthyism the authority example to follow wasnt as complete, instead of represent safety and order, as it should have, it became one of McCarthy’s tools in his game. â€Å"The old political and moral reality had melted like a Dali watch† (Miller,â€Å"why I wrote ‘The crucible’. Arthur Miller’s purpose for writing The crucible was to express his philosophical and political assumptions about the matter that was happening in that stage of The United States history, The McCarthyism, which he easily draw the analogy with the Witch hunt at Salem in the winter of 1691, both were situations of spreading chaos, hysteria ,and dilution, where both Abigail Williams and Joseph McCarthy raised their power, respectively, and both ended up by jeopardizing the original situation. The Crucible free essay sample The literary work The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a very good choice for your essay. The Crucible is one of the most mysterious, and at the same time very utilitarian creation of the outgoing century.The play, which hitherto raises heated debates of people, who are trying to bring to light the subjects of much controversy, which are discussed in the play: the theme of the moral choice, justice and injustice, truth and lie, trials of the innocently accused person, witchcraft, evil powers vs. good ones. This literary creation is loosely based on historical facts: the Salem witch trials of the late 1600s. Miller leaves a lot of uncovered questions at the end of the play, which give much food for readers thoughts. Miller gives a wonderful opportunity to read between the lines, and to conjecture some ideas. Youll be impressed by the originality, eccentricity of the plot, splendidly selected system of the title characters, and those who make the general foil for them. We will write a custom essay sample on The crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The characters in the play were based upon real people who judged or were judged in hysteria. Youll close the book with a comma-like state, as there are a lot of ambiguities in it. But be sure to read it to the end, dont lose this superb possibility.Undoubtedly, youll benefit from writing your essay on one of The Crucible essay topics. All the below-listed topics are at your disposal. So choose one of The Crucible essay topics, which seem the most suitable for you, and develop it in the format of the essay. Discuss the role that grudges and personal rivalries play in the witch trial hysteria. How do the witch trials empower individuals who were previously powerless? How does John Proctors great dilemma change during the course of the play? Compare the roles that Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams play in The Crucible. What role does sex, and sexual repression, play in The Crucible? Why are Danforth, Hathorne, and the other authorities so resistant to believing the claim that Abigail and the other girls are lying? What kind of government does Salem have? What role does it play in the action? Analyze Reverend Parris. What are his motivations in supporting the witch trials? Discuss the changes that Reverend Hale undergoes in the course of the play. Compare and contrast the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism. Understand the  living conditions in Massachusetts in the 1700s. Examine the dynamics of Puritanism in 1692. Gather historical perspectives of American Colonial period.  What is your perception of the girls allegations in the play? Do they really believe in witchcraft or are they fabricating the events? Is John Proctor a tragic figure? Compare his fate to that of such tragic literary figures as King Oedipus in Sophocless Oedipus Rex and the title character in William Shakespeares Hamlet. Examine the historical facts regarding the Salem Witch Trials and Joseph McCarthys hearings. In what ways does Miller employ these facts in the service of his drama? How do the two historical events compare to What was witchcraft? Who practiced it? Describe the social response to witchcraft in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. What social and religious factors are given to account for the harsh response to witchcraft? What can you find out about modern witchcraft or Wicca? Compare and contrast the characters of Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor. Discuss Millers treatment of women in The Crucible. Explain why the play is a tragic comedy.  Explain the symbolic characters and how they develop the themes. Discuss how the themes of The Crucible make it both universal and enduring. What is the function of Reverend Hale in the play? The Crucible free essay sample Fear can lead to a lot of things, but unfortunately, in humans it usually leads to something bad. Throughout history, fear has lead to some of the most violent actions by man, and some of the biggest collapses of organized society. In early American history, the people of Salem experienced this for themselves. Arthur Miller shows this in his book. The society of Salem that Miller creates in The Crucible shows how fear can slowly cause rational thought to deteriorate, leading to mass hysteria and eventually the breakdown of civilized behavior. During Act I, Miller shows how each Salem’s citizens begin to realize this fear they have, and how it is slowly starting to take over their minds. This new idea that witchcraft exists in their very own society is too much for most people to handle. The very notion that â€Å"the necessity of the devil† could overtake them at any moment sends them directly down a path of fear (Miller 31). We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These witches who they now believe exist are associated with the one figure that they know is bad. The devil’s motives, although unclear to them, obviously involve the innocent people of their little town, which is more than their minds can comprehend. They start to believe irrational thoughts that encourage this fear, and that only leads to the worsening of the situation. Giles’s irrational fear of the â€Å"behavior of a hog† and how he â€Å"[knew] it had to be the Devil in an animal’s shape† prolongs this idea of paranoia (38). This â€Å"strange† behavior that Giles interprets as the work of the Devil exemplifies how even the smallest things are getting to the heads of the Salem citizens. Even Giles cannot justify his irrational fear, and he is the one who has it. Even he does not know what possesses him to have such a belief, but it only furthers the idea that the townspeople’s minds start to deteriorate, that the presence of evil is slowly invading their heads and ripping them of their rational thought. Now the citizens of Salem begin to get out of control, because now they try to rationalize their irrational fear. They try to look for scapegoats to qualify their thoughts, and in turn become completely hysterical. Once the people of Salem fully realize their fear, Miller shows how they try to justify this fear, but that they are in fact becoming more and more hysterical. They now try to find a justification for thoughts and their fear of evil. They need some solid proof to back up these accusations that they make, and they need to clear their own names as well. So, they arbitrarily start claiming that â€Å"[they] saw†¦with the Devil†, and that â€Å"[they] saw†¦with the Devil† (45). These unjustified explanations for their fears just shows how truly corrupted their minds become. They start naming their own friends, neighbors, and even their own family in order to clear themselves and more importantly to try to prove that this witchery is really upon them, and to prove that they are not just crazy. What it really does is show how hysteria is setting in, and how they have actually accepted these lies as the truth. While questioning each other on the matter, their breakdown can really be seen through their quick, almost sputtering manner of speaking: Hale: â€Å"Did you call the Devil last night? Abigail: â€Å"I never called him! † Parris: â€Å"She called the Devil? Abigail: â€Å"I didn’t see no Devil! † Hale: â€Å"You cannot evade me†¦(40)† This pace at which they speak proves how they have no real justification, only that they can accuse someone and use that as proof. They speak in little fragments that can barely be considered sentences because they do not actually have much to say, they only wish to get words out there, in hopes of proving something. This repetition of â€Å"Devil† is an attempt to further their argument and to relate the accused with him further. At this point they are really not making much sense anymore, and their minds only get worse from this state of hysteria. Miller finalizes his idea about the effects of fear through the complete breakdown of civilized thought and action of the people of Salem. After doing what they thought was justifying their fear, which was really just a step forward into hysteria, they now act on their irrational thoughts with irrational response. Their â€Å"long-held hatreds of neighbors could now be openly expressed, and vengeance [could] be taken†, but not on a direct level, however (7). They no longer need a justification, really, for anything because of the fear they have already established as truth. The so-called Puritans are no longer pure at all, because they are not catering to God, but only to themselves. All they had to do was accuse someone of itchcraft and they would be whisked away. Never in their right minds would they do such a thing, nor would anyone else believe it, but they are not in their right minds any longer, and anything relating to this evil is simply accepted. Upon accusing and questioning Mary Warren, Parris only has to offer a bad explanation to a simple question and it is right away accepted as truth. The people are no longer able to think clearly because their minds are clouded and the truth is made invisible by fear. The effects of fear are quite numerous, and as previously established, those effects are usually for the worse. As well as short-term issue, it can cause long-term damage and have adverse effects on one’s mind. These effects, in turn, are expressed outwards in different manners, effecting entire societies by causing hysteria and paranoia. In The Crucible, the town of Salem is used to express just that. Eventually this fear, which first deteriorates only the minds of individuals, develops into the mass breakdown of the entire society. The town also serves as an allegory to 1950s America, and the â€Å"witch-hunts† that followed the Red Scare. The Crucible free essay sample Why does guilt hold from telling the truth? In the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, in the early year of 1962 in the small Massachusetts village of Salem, many innocent people in the play were hanged during the Salem witch trials. Of course, there are many people that may be blamed. Many problems arise that deal with jealousy, hypocrisy, and hysteria. One may find Abigail Williams, The Putnams, and Mary Warren to blame. Abigail was manipulative, The Putnams were very jealous, and Mary Warren was weak-will. Society can be destroyed by powerful forces of jealousy, hypocrisy and hysteria. Jealousy can lead you to do terrible things. Jealousy played a big role in who was to blame for the deaths in Salem. The Putnams were a small family, they had seven out of eight children and none survived but one. Mrs. Putnam was a very jealous person when it came to families, and Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Putnam was a very jealous person when it came to land. She Told Rebecca â€Å"You think it Gods work you should never lose a child nor grandchild either, and I burry all but one? There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Goody Putnam wanted more children and was jealous of Rebecca Nurse and her large family, so she blamed her for witchcraft . Mr. Putnam wanted more and more land and was very greedy. He accused many people of witchcraft, and once they were hanged, he would buy their land. Mental weakness is as much to blame for these deaths as much as jealousy and manipulation. People will lie to save their reputations. One character that seemed to fall into the social trap of hypocrisy is Judge Danforth. When questioning Mary Warren about her sudden decision to tell the truth, Danforth ridicules Mary when saying, How were you instructed in your life? Do you not know that God damns all liars? The Judge sees himself as part of the elect which is why he believes everyone else to be ignorant. For this same reason, is unable to see his error in forcing people to lie to save their lives. When Reverend Hale fails in his attempt to pardon the accused, Danforth states, I cannot pardon these when twelve are already hanged for the same crime†. Danforth sees himself as high enough in society that he has the God-given gift to decide what will benefit the community. The Judge believes he is showing compassion in deciding what is just but is ignorant to the fact that this justness only causes unneeded deaths. Danforths pride causes him to be blind toward his blatant hypocritical accusations. Hysteria can tear apart a community. Salems hysteria makes the community lose faith in the spiritual belief they are strictly trying to enforce. The church soon began to lose many of its parishioners because the interest of the town is focused on Abigail, as they anxiously awaited her to accuse another person of witchery. The legal system which is designed to protect its servants, was also tainted by corruption. The court shows itself to be incapable of seeing truth when presented with it. Abigail along with the other girls scare Mary into disavowing her testimony as they all act together as if they were being attacked by the spirit of Mary Warren; Abigail screams in the court Mary, please dont hurt me! . Furthermore, when Proctor approaches Mary she screams and points at Proctor saying Youre the Devils man! In Conclusion, the powerful strength of hysteria, jealously, and hypocrisy can demolish a society. Jealousy can lead you to do terrible things. People will lie to save their reputations. Hysteria can tear apart a community. Goody Putnam was jealous of Rebecca Nurse for having a big family she was wanted to have. Judge Danforth fell in total hypocrisy when questioning Marry Warren about her telling the truth. The community lose faith in the spiritual belief they are strictly trying to enforce. Out of peoples’ greed they will go to extreme measures to obtain what they desire, which was the same then and is the same now.

Clemencia Insane or psychologically damaged Professor Ramos Blog

Clemencia Insane or psychologically damaged Marisol Mendez Have you ever heard of the phrase, children are like sponges? Relationships begin at home as we all grow up with parents who either love each other or don’t. Clemencia in â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† by Sandra Cisneros was never given the chance at a real relationship because of the way she was raised. Since she was a little girl, her mother always told her to never marry a Mexican. â€Å"Never marry a Mexican, my ma said once and always. She said this because of my father† (Cisneros 68). Clemencia, at a young age already is being told by her mother to not marry a Mexican. Giving her the idea that her mother never loved her father. This has affected Clemencia’s ability to love any man because she is afraid of the no love relationship that her parents had and the infedelity behind it. As an older woman, Clemencia becomes an adulteress who sleeps with a married man named Drew. Drew is not the only married man that Clemencia has been with but he is the man th at readers believe also has the blame as to why Clemencia is the way she is. This is the lifestyle Clemencia has chosen to follow because of growing up with a cheating mother. Clemencia’s mom cheated on her father while he was sick in the hospital, this caused Clemencia to resent her mother but also follow in her footsteps. â€Å"That man she met at work, Owen Lambert, the foreman at the photo-finishing plant, who she was seeing even while my father was sick. Even then. That’s what I can’t forgive† (Cisneros 73). Clemencia hates her mother for being with another man while her father was sick and losing his life. This showed her how little her mother cared about who she hurt. The real question is, can we really blame Clemencia for becoming who she is? Cisneros uses the Mexican folklore of La Malinche in this story to describe Clemencia. In Angela Noelle Williams article, â€Å"Malinche† she describes who La Malinche is; â€Å"La Malinche has been mythologized as everything from the beautiful Indian princess who fell in love with the conqueror and produced a noble offspring to the Eve figure whose seduction stained the race she engendered.† La Malinche was a native american woman who was seduced by the Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes, who killed off all her people with her help. She betrayed her people for love which in â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† we see similarities between Clemencia and Drew. Drew actually refers to Clemencia as La Malinche. â€Å"My Malinalli, Malinche, my courtesan, you said, and yanked my head back by the braid† (Cisneros 74). Drew conquers Clemencia at a very young age and has manipulated her to become his sexual slave just like Cortez did with Malinche. Clemencia has a mistak en sense for what love actually is. According to Clara Sue Kidwell in her article, â€Å"Indian Women as Cultural Mediators† she writes about La Malinche’s act of betrayal but justifies and gives the readers information and reasoning behind her actions. â€Å"If we accept that she was virtually a slave in a state under military subjection to the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan, her actions become clearer. Whatever personal passions drove her, we can never know† (Kidwell 3). Kidwell explains that Malinche had reasons to betray her people because she was a slave that was give to Cortes. La Malinche had hatred towards the leaders of her people and hatred can lead to very dangerous acts. Clemencia had reasons to act the way she acted because she saw it first hand with her mother. The story also gives us a side of Clemencia that makes her seem devious and enjoy ruining a marriage. â€Å"Why do that? It’s always given me a bit of crazy joy to be able to kill those wome n like that, without their knowing it† (Cisneros 76). She finds joy in hurting the women with the men she sleeps with. I believe this gives her a sense of power because she knows she can have the man whenever she pleases. Throughout the story, Clemencia reveals to Drew’s son how their relationship began but she tells him indirectly. â€Å"I was your father’s student, yes, just like you’re mine now†¦.. And he took me under his wing and in his bed, this man, your father. I was honored that he’d done me the favor. I was that young† (Cisneros 76). Here Clemencia is speaking to Drew’s son telling him how they had met and how this unfaithful relationship began. In a sense, the way Clemencia speaks about her relationship with Drew, she sounds proud and evil. She is deeply in love with this married man but this love is so twisted. Clemencia is psychologically damaged from witnessing all this as a child. She uses Drew’s son as a way to stay close to Drew because as his son gets older Clemencia sleeps with him as well. â€Å"I sleep with this boy, their son. To make the boy love me like I love his father† (Cisneros 82). Clemencia has grown emotionles s and shows she does not care who she hurts along this destructive journey. We can never really say why Clemencia chose to live a loveless lifestyle, but we know enough about how her childhood has destroyed her vision of real love. Is Clemencia really just hurt that she is in love with a man who she can’t have? The moment Clemencia knew she was never going to be with Drew again, this made her turn vindictive. â€Å"I went over to where I’d left my backpack, and took out a bag of gummy bears I’d bought. And while he was banging pots, I went around the house and left a trail of them in places I was sure she would find them† (Cisneros 81). Clemencia with a feeling of revenge did this to Drew without his knowing and she explains how it made her feel really good with no regret to what she did. As said before, she did find pleasure knowing that she can hurt the people involved in these relationships. She feels no remorse for her actions and how they affect peop le. Is she psychologically insane or did her terrible childhood cause her to become a monster in our eyes? Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek: and Other Stories. New York: Vintage; 1st Vintage contemporaries ed edition, 1992. Print. Godayol, Pilar. Journal of Iberian Latin American Studies. Apr2012, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p61-76. 16p. DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2012.716645. Kidwell, Clara Sue. â€Å"Indian Women as Cultural Mediators.†Ethnohistory, vol. 39, no. 2, Spring 1992, p. 97. Williams, Angela Noelle. â€Å"MALINCHE [Doà ±a Marina, Malintzin, Malinali] (c. 1499/1505-1529).† Native American Women, July 2001, p. 193.

Religion and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religion and Culture - Essay Example Some terminology can be vague and interpretation is difficult. Even the â€Å"theology† in today’s world has a different meaning which makes understanding a little confusing. The process of comparison raises any theoretical and methodological complexities and can bring wrong conclusions. There also can be influence of one tradition upon the other. Some rituals and customs are poorly studied hence interpretation can be vague. 3. According to Erdel, all the Christians throughout the world accepts Jesus as the Son of God and messiah. They believe that the Bible is the word of God and follow it as a Holy text. All the Christians accept the spirituality of Church and religious leaders related to it. 4. The Hebrew Bible which is the â€Å" Old Testament† talks mainly about creation of Earth and Commandments of God. It has Moses as the messenger of God and has five commandments. Whereas in the Bible, that is the New Testament the details from the birth of Jesus is vividly explained and he is treated as â€Å"Son of God† and as God himself. The Ten Commandments are taken with divine value and the Christian Bible has both Hebrew biblical information and Jesus divine life history. In the Quran, the creation and God has been mentioned and Jesus is considered as a Prophet but Mohammed is the last messenger send by God. 5. When the Christianity encountered with modernity, the people start to become more subtle in their beliefs and started to abandon many outer layers of the religions. Many customs and rituals were avoided and only idealistic ones were adopted like baptism, Sunday communion, funeral rituals and wedding rituals. It was more of a practical way of seeing religion and people included the religious values in areas which it was needed. There was more of logical understanding about God and life. As per (Muether, 1999) â€Å"Christian theology may not be directly compromised by the encounter with modernity, but under its influence the practice of the church is

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International business - Essay Example FCPA has played a major role in discouraging corruption in international business. Transparency International index also reveals countries that have been involved in corrupt international deals. Scandinavian countries have been listed as the countries which are mostly corrupt in terms of international business. US is listed 19th in that list from the data released in 2013. However, this does not mean that American Companies do not engage in this malpractice. Currently WalMart is under investigation for bribing Mexican officials with over $ 30 million to open their stores in that country. It is no wonder WalMart has gained roots in Mexico. Wal-Mart has extended its operations to Mexico therefore posing so much threat to Comercil a Mexican retail chain shop. Wal-Mart has been a strong competitor especially since NAFTA’s lifted its tariffs which were posing a significant threat to WalMart operations. Mexico joined GATT which has liberalized the trade space allowing free entry and exit of businesses. FCPA aims at training and employing more officials in order t o avert this malpractice. This will only be possible if the FCPA works together with the department of

Database Security for Electronics Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Database Security for Electronics Ltd - Essay Example Database security is the process of protecting the files stored in the database from any malicious attempts of viewing the data or modifying the data (Ramakrishnan & Gehrke, 2003, p 157). The standard language that is used for making an interactive query from and, updating the databases as Microsoft SQL server is known as the Structure Query Language (SQL). This paper tries to analyze the potential issues that are arising from having a database server online. Securities in the software applications are very significant in all the organization that has databases. An SQL injection attack is one of the identified potential issues that might arise from having the databases online. SQL injection attack is a type of an attack that comes from what the user has inputted, and is not well checked to find if the input is valid. SQL Injection attack enables the external users to view information from the database. In other systems that are well designed, it will only include the information that is available to the public. While in a system which is poorly designed, this would only allow the external users in discovering other people’s password (Basta & Zgola, 2012, p 167). The objective of the SQL injection attack is to fool a database system to a running malicious code that will reveal the sensitive data or information or else it may compromise the whole server. SQL injection attacks are of two types; there are the first-order attacks, and the second-order attacks. The first-order attacks happens when the attacker attempts to receive an immediate desired result, this can be by direct response coming from the application that is being interacted to, or it may be some other response mechanisms, for example emails. While the second-order attacks takes place when the attacker attempts to inject some of the data that are going to reside in the database, although the payload will not be activated immediately. Most websites are commonly used in mounting the attack on the database (Cherry, 2011, pg 201). For example, the below is an example for a typical SQL statement that can be used to mount an attack on the website. SELECT ProductName, Unit Price, QuantityperUnit FROM Products WHERE ProductName LIKE ‘F%’ The above SQL statement tries to select the name of the product, the price per unit, and the unit per quantity from where the products are stored where the ProductName must start with a letter F (ProductName LIKE ‘F%’). The main aim of the attackers in database is to make sure that they inject their own SQL into a statement that the application may use when querying the database. For the above SQL statement, just in any case the query was generated from the website; the user must therefore insert the letter ‘F’ as the query. However, if a server side code inserts a user input directly in an SQL statement, the SQL statement may look like this, but it is only fine if the data that is inputted is valid. String sql = â€Å"SELECT ProductName, Unitprice, QuantityPerUnit â€Å"+ â€Å"FROM Products† + WHERE ProductName LIKE ‘†+ search, Text + â€Å"%’; SQL injection attack damages SQL injection attacks have been somehow limited concerning the risks that are associated with unintended disclosure of the data. Today SQL injection has evolved, and it has become the preferred method and, processes that are used by the hackers in breaching well-liked websites. It has also inserted a malware websites. SQL injections alternatively, may

Hobbes And Plato On The Ideal State Philosophy Essay

Hobbes And Plato On The Ideal State Philosophy Essay Hobbes and Plato both constructed images of an ideal state, based on their accounts of human nature. Hobbes had a more negatively skewed view of human nature; a materialistic view, while Plato essentially believed that humans are inherently good. This essay will discuss how their differing views are conveyed in their imagined states, and subsequently will critically compare the two. Thomas Hobbes had a materialistic philosophy; he held a mechanistic view of the universe. In his opinion, human nature is the the combined result of mechanic desires and aversions, arbitrated by constant power struggles.He posited that there is no true right and wrong but that morality is subjectively relative, He states that there is no good but the object of a mans desire, no evil but an object of aversion, and that there is no absolute right or wrong, but merely a relative morality that favors the reason of the user ( Tyluski, associatedcontent.com). In Hobbes view, mans natural condition or state of nature is innately violent and aggressive, saturated with fear. He illustrates his belief with the hypothetical image of the natural state of mankind, prior to a government ruling society, as one of constant war, aggression, fear and death. He proposed that since resources are limited, as soon as two people want the same thing, a power struggle results and inevitably war erupts. If men were to live in this state of nature then all lives would be solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short.( Hobbes, pg.186). Based on this diabolical image, Hobbes contends that the best solution to this state of nature is his Leviathan. He argues that in order for mankind to exist and live in peace and harmony, they must first submit to a sovereign power. Hobbes truly believed that control by an oppressive government was infinitely better than living under the threat of war. In order to alleviate the constant fear, mankind must enter into a social contract in a commonwealth ruled over by a sovereign head. Thus the Leviathan is formed in order to overcome the fear based lives of men in the state of nature. However, ironically the Leviathan is only possible if it uses fear itself as a weapon. Therefore fear is never completely dismissed. However fear under the Leviathan at least brings the promise of peace and protection of life, in contrast to fear in the state of nature. Following from this, the Leviathan seems immensely more desirable a condition to live in. It appears that it is only under a sovereign p ower that people have actual liberty. Certainly there are rules and regulations to live by, but as the subjects actually wrote the social contract they find themselves under, they are indeed authors of the sovereigns power. It seems that freedom can only really exist under a soverieign power permitted by its people, establish a Leviathan whose power is assigned to it by its subjects (Tyluski, associatedcontent.com). In Platos Republic, Glaucon and Adeimantus have entreated Socrates to explain that the best life a man can live is a just one, and that it will ultimately lead to happiness. Socrates must show that justice should be chosen for its own merit and not for the results that derive from it. Since a city is larger than a man, it is easier for Socrates to first look for justice at a political level within a state, and following from that to see whether the virtues found can be transferred to an individual. Morality might exist on a larger scale in the larger entity and be easier to discernAnd then we can examine individuals too, to see if the larger entity is reflected in the features of the smaller entity ( Plato, pg 58). Therefore the collective justice found within a state will be reflected in the justice of an individual. Plato saw justice not as a set of behaviours, but rather as a structural entity. The structure of a city holds political justice while in an individual justice can be f ound in the structure of the soul. Plato explains that in his ideal state there must exist the four virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice. His imagined state will be divided into three classes of people; producers, auxilaries and guardians. The producers are the lowest class, such as farmers, artisans, and craftsmen. They must use the skills which nature honoured them with. Auxilaries are the warrior class who must defend the rulers beliefs and doctrines. The guardians are the highest class and they are the rulers of this imagined state. When the balance and relationship between these three classes is correct then this is a just society. Plato then takes his image of a perfect state and starts searching for each of the previously mentioned virtues. He begins by discovering that wisdom resides in the class of the guardians. They are the smallest class in the city. The guardians have had the best education, and have been finely honed for this role. They have a thorough knowledge of running a city. They are rational and desire what is in the best interest for the city as a whole. Therefore with the city in their hands, it is made wise, the wisdom it has a whole is due to the smallest grouping and section within it and to the knowledge possessed by this group, which is the authoritative and ruling section of the community ( Plato, pg. 135). The next virtue Plato comes across is courage and this is found in the auxilaries. The auxilaries must fight for the city and defend the wishes of the guardians. More specifically, the type of courage which is found in the auxilaries is civic courage. That is to say, it is a type of courage which is based on belief rather than knowledge. He defines courage in this instance as, the ability to retain under all circumstances a true and lawful notion about what is and is not to be feared (Plato, pg. 137). Plato places great importance on the significance of education and thorough training.He emphasises how imperative standing by the specific role of performing with courage as an auxilary is, regardless of the pressures which arise keeping it intact and not losing it whether one is under the influence of pain or pleasue, diversion or aversion. (Plato, pg. 136). Moderation is the thrid virtue, and is found throughout the state, self-discipline(moderation) literally spans the whole octaval spread of the community, and makes the weakest, the strongest, and the ones in between all sing in unison( Plato, pg. 139). While courage and wisdom are essential qualities which are found in only specific parts of the community, moderation is a virtue which reconciles and brings together all the parts of the city. Moderation comes about by the acceptance that all are in agreement concerning who should rule the city. It is found in all classes, and is attained by a common understanding of what is best for all people. With regard to justice in the state, again it is found throughout the state. Justice complements moderation in the city. Plato deems that morality(justice) is doing ones own job and not intruding elsewhere (Plato, pg. 140). Plato believes that justice best comes about when everyone attends to the role that they are most suited to. As a just society is made up of three classes, similarly a just soul parallels it and is tripartite in its structure; the rational, the spirited and the appetitive. A just soul constantly attempts to achieve and live completely in truth. Therefore the rational part of the soul rules, and the spirited part supports the rational, with the appetitive part submitting and following reason. That is to say the whole soul is geared towards satisfying the desires of the rational, just as in the imagined state everyone fulfills the rulers desires. Within the society, each class is dominated by the corresponding part of the soul. Producers are ruled by their appetites; their urges for money, material things and pleasure. Warriors are ruled by their spirits; they are brave and courageous. Rulers are influenced by their rationale. Therefore justice in a soul as in the state, relies on the the appropriate power relationship between each part, Morality, then is an inner state.It is harmony between the parts of a persons mind under the leadership of his or her intellect ( Plato, pg. 152). In this way Platos account of human nature directly informs his theory of an ideal state. Platos Republic and Hobbes Leviathan both share the common understanding that without a state or governing body in place, all mankind would disintegrate into a state of chaos; with desires, appetites and aversions being the dominant cause behind behaviour. They reflect each other in that both believe submission to and acceptance of a ruling body will result in harmony. However beyond this similarity, the views of these philosophers greatly differ. The Republic is based on a quest for justice in both the state and individual; in Platos view people are inherently good. Plato constructs his ideal state,and then searches for virtues within it, which will also be present in the tripartite soul of individuals. By this method, he shows that in a just state or soul, these virtues must be present and each class or reciprocal part of soul must have the correct balance of power. In this way harmony is attained. Although men may commit some terrible acts, this is due to their appetitive desires rather than an innate negative drive. Although Hobbes also believes that men are dominantly driven by their desires and aversions, he does not think that men are ultimately driven to do good but rather by what will give them power and will ultimately protect them. Hobbes builds his state on a foundation of fear of war and terror. He does not consider that what is correct and just is found naturally in humans, The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice have there no place ( Hobbes, pg. 188). He does not look for virtues in men but instead only seeks , those qualities of man-kind that concern their living together in Peace, and Unity.( Hobbes, pg. 160). Hobbes does not believe there exists a state of happiness in the soul, that it is a state that is a constant, that can be held on to, Felicity is a continuall progresse of the desire, from one object to another (Hobbes,pg. 160). Plato builds his state on the principle of specialization, At the center of his model is a principle of specialization: each person should perform just the task to which he is best suited. (Brown, SEP). Every man has a place, and does the job for which he is deemed most fit for. In this way all jobs in the state are done to the highest standard, and the needs of the state are met adequately, resulting in a healthy state. This ensures each class remains in a fixed state of power and influence. In contrast, Hobbes does not see men as being any different from each other, rather he believes that we are all completely equal, Nature hath make man so equal in the faculties of body and mind; as that though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body, or of quicker mind than another; yet when all is reckoned together, the difference between man and man is not so considerable (Hobbes, pg. 183). Plato believes that there exists an elite few that possess a greater knowledge and absolute truth. It is these few who convey the moralistic way of life to the rest of society. Converesly, Hobbes does not think that there is any one who is in possession of truth, and does not see the state as responsible for moral reasoning within society. Rather the only role the government plays in his eyes is a lawful one, a peace keeping role to avoid the harm one man may cause another. While Platos state is often referred to as an unattainable Utopia, it is still a model which can be aspired to, as an existence with order, meaning and harmony, both within the individual and on a larger scale. Hobbes Leviathan contrarily, is built out of fear and chaos, rather than being something to aspire to, it seems to be more something that is settled for, when there is no other alternative.

The Killing Floor :: Essays Papers

The Killing Floor Frank Custer leaves his young family in rural Mississippi in pursuit of industrial employment in the northern â€Å"Promised Land† of Chicago, Illinois. Little did he know about the true extent of the journey he was about to embark on. Initially a move to secure work and improve upon the conditions which surrounded him and his family; Frank was about to change more in his life then just his economical status. Immediately upon arriving in the bustling city, Frank and his close friend Thomas gravitate towards other working class African-Americans with similar backgrounds. Unable to read or write, the two men enlist the aide of their local YMCA in finding jobs at a local meat packing plant. Frank’s first encounters at the packinghouse set the tone for what is to entail. Racial tensions combined with aggressions concerning class associated positions boil just barely beneath the surface on the â€Å"killing floor.† Conditions at the meatpacking plant are considerably less then favorable. The hours are long, the work is backbreaking, and the position in which he works does not pay very well. However, Frank’s compensation for these conditions are his relationships with the other men whom he lives near and works around. Spending his evenings playing cards and talking with the men introduces Frank to more then just a little relaxation; issues about politics, race relations, and especially the â€Å"white man’s union† dominate the colorful conversations. During this time I’m amazed at how Frank refuses to let himself get dragged into blindly believing the popular opinions in which his peers hold. He lives an honest life and pursues in finding the whole story beneath the surface of the current topics. Frank consistently demonstrates that he will not settle with â€Å"keeping his place† as is expected of him. It appears as if the people he encounters from day to day are trying to keep segregation and the â€Å"Old South† alive. His peers along with members of the community are dissatisfied with the decisions and alliances with which Frank is making. They feel that the strides he is taking to improve himself i.e., saving money and purchasing a butcher knife, exhibiting real enthusiasm in learning the tricks of new trades, and joining the â€Å"white man’s union†, are unnecessary and a blatant demonstration of selling out to the white community.

Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation Essay

Pre-Spanish Times There are two theories on the origins of the first Filipinos, the inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the Republic of the Philippines. See the Early Inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. In the beginning of the 3rd century, the inhabitants of Luzon island were in contact and trading with East Asian sea-farers and merchants including the Chinese. In the 1400’s the Japanese also established a trading post at Aparri in Northern Luzon. In 1380, Muslim Arabs arrived at the Sulu Archipelago and established settlements which became mini-states ruled by a Datu. They introduced Islam in the southern parts of the archipelago including some parts of Luzon and were under the control of the Muslim sultans of Borneo. They had a significant influence over the region for a couple of hundreds years. The Malay Muslims remained dominant in these parts until the 16th century. Philippine History During the American Era The Spanish-American war which started in Cuba, changed the history of the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, the Americans led by U.S. Navy Admiral George Dewey, in participation of Emilio Aguinaldo, attacked the Spanish Navy in Manila Bay. Faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain in 1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain in accordance with the â€Å"Treaty of Paris† ending the Spanish-American War. On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence. This declaration was opposed by the U.S. who had plans of taking over the colony. And this led to a guerrilla war against the Americans. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and declared allegiance to the United States. On the same year, William Howard Taft was appointed as the first U.S. governor of the Philippines. The U.S.passed the Jones Law in 1916 establishing an elected Filipino legislature with a House of representatives & Senate. In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by the U.S. Congress, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by  1946. The law also provided for the position of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. On the May 14, 1935 elections, Manuel L. Quezon won the position of President of the Philippine Commonwealth. In accordance with the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, The Philippines was given independence on July 4, 1946 and the Republic of the Philippines was born. Philippine History During the Japanese Occupation On December 8, 1941, the Japanese invades the Philippines hours after bombing Pear Harbor in Hawaii. While the forces of Gen. Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan, the Commonwealth government of President Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an open city to prevent further destruction. After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by invitation of President Roosevelt, the Commonwealth government went into exile to Washington D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6, 1942. Soon a guerrilla war against the Japanese was fought by the Philippine & American Armies while Filipinos were enduring the cruelty of the Japanese military against civilians. Prior to Quezon’s exile, he advised Dr. Jose P. Laurel to head and cooperate with the Japanese civilian government in the hope that the collaboration will lead to a less brutality of the Japanese towards the Filipinos. Rightly or wrongly, President Laurel and his war time government was largely detested by the Filipinos. In October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmeà ±a (who assumed the presidency after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in Saranac Lake, New York) returned and liberated the Philippines from the Japanese.

History of the Jet Ski

History of the Jet Ski Personal water craft have been around for more than half a century. The â€Å"Jet Ski,† however, is a trademark used by Kawasaki for its line of personal motorized water craft. Although the word Jet Ski has now become a more generic term describing all personal watercraft, well use it to refer specifically to the Kawasaki vessels. Early Years The earliest water scooters- as they were originally called- were introduced to Europe in the mid 1950s by motorcycle makers looking to expand their markets. The British company Vincent produced some 2,000 of its Amanda water scooters in 1955, but it failed to create the new market Vincent had hoped for. Despite the failure of European water scooters to catch on in the 1950s, the 60s saw continued attempts at tinkering with the idea. The Italian company Mival introduced its Nautical Pleasure Cruiser, which required users to hang onto the craft from behind. Australian motocross enthusiast Clayton Jacobsen II decided to design his own version so that its pilots would be standing up. His big breakthrough, though, was switching from the old outboard motors to an internal pump-jet. Jacobsen made his first prototype out of aluminum in 1965. He tried again a year later, this time opting for fiberglass. He sold his idea to the snowmobile manufacturer Bombardier, but they failed to catch on and Bombardier gave up on them. With patent back in hand, Jacobsen went to Kawasaki, which brought out its model in 1973. It was called the  Jet Ski. With the benefit of Kawasaki’s marketing, the Jet Ski won a loyal audience as a way to waterski without the need  for a boat. It was a small audience, however, as remaining on board while standing up- especially in choppy water- remained a challenge. Jet Skis Go Big The next decade planted the seeds for an explosion in the  popularity of personal water craft. For one thing, new models were introduced that let  riders do what they could do back on the old water scooters. The ability to sit down helped pilot stability. New designs not only improved stability further, but they allowed for two riders at a time, introducing a social element to personal water crafts. Bombardier got back into the game with the introduction of the Sea-Doo, which went on to become the best-selling personal watercraft in the world. With further advances in engine technology and emissions, today’s personal water craft enjoy new-found success in every metric. They can go faster than ever, reaching 60 miles an hour. And they now sell more than any boat in the world. Jet Ski Competitions As the popularity of personal water craft started to take off, enthusiasts started to organize races and competitions. The premiere racing series event is the  P1 AquaX, which launched in the United Kingdom in May 2011. London-based sports promoter Powerboat P1  created the racing series and expanded to the United States in 2013. And by 2015, as many as  400 riders from 11 countries had signed up to compete in an AquaX event. The organizers are looking to expand to other countries.

Japanese Particle Information (Bakari)

Japanese Particle Information (Bakari) Bakari is a Japanese particle. Particles are generally considered to be similar to preposition in English. A particle is always placed after the word it modifies. Here are several different usages of bakari with sample sentences. I think it is probably easy to understand its various usage through contextual examples. Bakkkari, bakashi and bakkashi can be used in informal situations instead of bakari. (1) Indicates an approximate amount, be it time or money, etc. A number or quantity usually precedes it. It is similar to kurai/gurai and hodo and can be replaced in this usage. Asu kara tooka bakari ryokou ni ikimasu. 明æâ€" ¥Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã¥  Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã¦â€"…è ¡Å'㠁 «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - Ill be leaving on a trip for about ten days from tomorrow.Ryokou no hiyou wa zenbu de nijuuman-en bakari kakatta. æâ€"…è ¡Å'㠁 ®Ã¨ ² »Ã§â€ ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥â€¦ ¨Ã©Æ' ¨Ã£  §Ã¤ ¸â€¡Ã¥â€ â€ Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š - The total cost of the trip came to about two hundred thousand yen.Gosen-en bakari kashite itadakemasen ka. ä ºâ€Ã¥ Æ'円㠁 °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã¨ ² ¸Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Could you please lend me five thousand yen or so? (2) Not only ~ but also In the patterns ~ bakari dewa naku ~ mo or ~ bakari ja naku ~ mo (informal) Otoko no ko bakari dewa naku, onna no ko mo takusan imashita. ç” ·Ã£  ®Ã¥ ­ Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã£  ®Ã¥ ­ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ Å¸Ã£  Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ - There were not only boys but also many girls.Watashi wa nihongo bakari ja naku, furansugo mo benkyou shitai desu. ç § Ã£  ¯Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šÆ'㠁 ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã£Æ'•ãÆ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥â€¹â€°Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã â€žÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - I want to study not only Japanese but also French.Kare wa dansu bakari dewa naku, uta mo umai n desu. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£  ¯Ã£Æ'ۋÆ' ³Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦ ­Å'も㠁†ã  ¾Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - He is good not only at dancing but also singing. Although dake can replace bakari in this usage, bakari is slightly more emphatic. Nodo ga kawaita dake dewa naku, onaka mo suita. 㠁 ®Ã£  ©Ã£ Å'æ ¸â€¡Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£   Ã£ â€˜Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šÆ'㠁 ªÃ£  Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â„¢Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š - Not only I am thirsty but also I am hungry. (3) Shows that something is always limited to a particular action, place or thing. It is similar to dake or nomi. Asonde bakari inai de, shukudai mo shinasai. é Å Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ® ¿Ã© ¡Å'も㠁â€"㠁 ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š - Dont just play all the time, do your homework as well.Terebi bakari mite iru to, me ni warui yo. ãÆ'†ãÆ' ¬Ã£Æ'“㠁 °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã£â‚¬ Ã§â€º ®Ã£  «Ã¦â€š ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€šË†Ã£â‚¬â€š - If you watch TV all the time, it is not good for your eyes.Watashi no neko wa itsumo nemutte bakari imasu. ç § Ã£  ®Ã§Å' «Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¤Ã£â€šâ€šÃ§Å"  Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My cat is always just sleeping. (4) Used after the ~ta form of verbs, it indicates that an action has just been completed. It translates into just. Chichi wa ima kaette kita bakari desu. çˆ ¶Ã£  ¯Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¸ °Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£ Å¸Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - My father just got home.Sakki tabeta bakari nanoni, mada onaka ga suite iru. 㠁•ã  £Ã£  Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã£ Å¸Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ªÃ£  ®Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã£  ¾Ã£   Ã£ Å Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å'㠁™ã â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š - Although I had just eaten, I am still hungry.Kinou katta bakari no kutsu o haite dekaketa. æ˜ ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ² ·Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ®Ã©  ´Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ± ¥Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â€¹Ã£ â€˜Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š - I went out wearing the shoes that I had just bought yesterday. (5) In the patter bakari ni, it emphasizes a reason or cause. It has a nuance of solely due to; for the simple reason. Ano basu ni notta bakari ni, jiko ni atta. 㠁‚㠁 ®Ã£Æ' Ã£â€š ¹Ã£  «Ã¤ ¹â€"㠁 £Ã£ Å¸Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£  «Ã£ â€šÃ£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š - It was only because I got on that bus that I was involved in an accident.Tomoko wa Ken to kekkon shita bakari ni kurou shiteiru. æ™ ºÃ¥ ­ Ã£  ¯Ã¥  ¥Ã£  ¨Ã§ µ Ã¥ ©Å¡Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  «Ã¨â€¹ ¦Ã¥Å  ´Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - Simply because Tomoko married Ken, she is having a hard time.Kare wa kuruma o kaitai bakari ni, isshou kenmei hataraiteiru. Ã¥ ½ ¼Ã£  ¯Ã¨ »Å Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â€Å¸Ã¦â€¡ ¸Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã¥Æ' Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š - He wants to buy a car so badly that he is working very hard. (6) Following a verb, it shows that the action is/was about to be carried out. It translates into just about to do (something). Yuushoku o mou taberu bakari no tokoro ni dareka ga nokku shita. Ã¥ ¤â€¢Ã© £Å¸Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€ Ã© £Å¸Ã£  ¹Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ®Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€œÃ£â€š Ã£  «Ã¨ ª °Ã£ â€¹Ã£ Å'ãÆ'ŽãÆ'Æ'ã‚ ¯Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ - We were just about to eat dinner when someone knocked on the door.Kono shousetsu wa ato saigo no shou o kaku bakari da. 㠁“㠁 ®Ã¥ ° Ã¨ ª ¬Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¾Å'æÅ"ی ¾Å'㠁 ®Ã§ «  Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ¸Ã£  Ã£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The only thing left to do with this novel is to write the last chapter.Ima nimo ame ga furidasan bakari no soramoyou da. ä »Å Ã£  «Ã£â€šâ€šÃ©â€º ¨Ã£ Å'é™ Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  °Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ®Ã§ © ºÃ¦ ¨ ¡Ã¦ §ËœÃ£   Ã£â‚¬â€š - The sky looks like it is about to rain anytime.

Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toyota - Essay Example Toyota’s local assembly is being anticipated to surpass the current 60% mark. This lessened contact with transaction rates and importation tariffs. Within Toyota, sales augments from Europe were required to meet set global sales targets (Arthur, p.26). The year 2000 witnessed a massive growth in the car production industry. The number of cars produced that year increased from 30 million automobiles to approximately 60 million cars. From this entire production, more than half of the cars were produced by Toyota. However, for the European advertising panel of Toyotas mini cars, the confrontation persisted. In a fiercely competitive bazaar, they had to get 100,000 buyers yearly for the 3.41-meter. This section was viewed as a hard market where low prices implied low margins. Mercedes-Benz's firm recorded losses of 4 billion pounds between 2000 and 2005. Toyota Motor Firm recorded sales of 7.97 million units in 2005 which is an increase of about 2.5 million since 2000. Toyota Comp any in North America maintained as the most significant global bazaar. Market share was mounting swiftly. In 2005, sales rose to 2 million piece echelon for the first time. Toyota Company held 13.7 percent of the vital U.S. bazaar up from 9.3 percent in 2000. Sixty percent of the American order was contented by installing twelve firms in the NAFTA area. In 2006, Toyota was predicted to rise to 9 million pieces in production. At the moment, Toyota is in trouble as it is undergoing depression which is worldwide, and it is actually in much better look than virtually every other auto manufacturer. When we talk of competition, things are much poorer. Particularly talk of General Motors, which saw a catastrophic fall in sales of 54% in February, the issue is becoming increasingly worse. The full impact of the Global Economic Crisis is impacting all the magnificent plans and decisions of the world’s car makers, in the process cutting them to pieces. Of late, the CEOs of Fiat and Ren ault-Nissan claimed that the automobile markets would go through constant declines in 2009. The Big Three,† Chrysler, GM and Ford of Americas automobile home giants have been pushed with catastrophic sales falling thus causing them to beg the government for bailouts. Virtually nearly in every market the global economic catastrophe is destroying demand for cars. A sure indicator of how calamitous the circumstances are for the global car industry is the performance of Toyota, which is without a doubt on the planet it is the healthiest and most prestigious car manufacture. It not being an exceptional as mentioned it has now joined Detroit and European car makers in soliciting a bailout from their governments. Toyota has officially requested the Japanese government to provide a â€Å"bridge loan† of $2.2 billion; this request has followed some prior sales figures which have indicated that the Japanese behemoth faced a decline of 40% in sales of automobiles in its largest ma rket, the United States of America. Some years before, the company was capable of exploiting a more poignant position around green matters. The Prius hybrid model, for example, brought fame to the Toyota firm. In 2005, it traded around 18,000 pieces of Prius in Europe. On global sales, it sold 180,000 pieces, and in 2010, it was expecting to sell 1,000,000 pieces universally. Hybrid expertise offered Toyota a fair chance to place itself as a

Why Has Apple become increasing popular Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Has Apple become increasing popular - Essay Example The company started as a computer company with the best known hardware being the Mac computers, the iPhone, iPod music player and the iPad tablet computer. All of the company’s hardware operates on consumer software known as the iOS operating system and for comparison purposes it can be likened to Microsoft’s operating system called Windows. The company has gone through a dynamic metamorphosis from a computer company to a consumer electronics company since its founding days in 1976 to present. The incorporation’s consistent innovation and inventions I the information technology industry has seen it steadily rise to become one of the leaders in the market. This can be attributed to a myriad of factors that have been strategically combined the founders of the company to facilitate the transition of the company from just a mere computer company to a giant in the industry. This paper seeks to discuss the factors behind Apple Inc.’s increasing popularity in the global consumer electronics market.... The advent of the internet and rapid advancement in information technology (IT) resulted in globalization and the propagation of mobile communication devices (West, Joel & Mace 2). Steve Jobs was the co-founder and owner of Apple Computers Inc. and his accredited with turning the company’s fortunes around when he designed, developed and introduced the iPhone into the company’s products portfolio. The company changed its name to Apple Inc. an indication that it was breaking away from tradition and venturing into the consumer electronics industry. The consumer electronics industry is characterized by electronic equipment meant for everyday use in office productivity, entertainment and communication (Gross 3). This can be lauded as Apple Inc.’s turning point to profitability after its slump pre-consumer electronics era. This led to the growth of Apple’s market share into a global phenomenon changing its previous market niche of the US only. The companyâ€℠¢s venture into the consumer electronics market with the iPhone, iPod and iPad revolutionized the mobile device communication and technology (Bostic 1). The combination of the introduction of new consumer electronic products and consistent innovation of mobile phones, personal computers and portable music players can be attributed to Apple’s rise in the industry. Apple Inc. operates in a technology intensive market that is characterized by cutthroat competition and a constantly changing environment in terms of product relevance and market dynamics. Technology is at the core of Apple’s contemporary market that ranges from commonplace consumer products which is the main focus of its niche market to esoteric products. Apple’s Steve